In Monetary Theory, a nine-hour course, Dr. Lawrence White explores the debate between market-based and government-controlled monetary systems, combining theory with historical evidence from gold standards to modern fiat currencies. We examine how money can emerge through market forces, the mechanics of fractional-reserve banking, and how central banks influence inflation. The course also addresses banking stability, market failure arguments, and the causes of inflation, including seigniorage. It concludes by evaluating monetary policy rules, inflation targeting, and alternatives like Bitcoin, and asks whether sound money requires commodity backing or if proper institutional design can achieve stability in fiat systems.